The Reconstruction Era

The Reconstruction Era Courtney Gehring The Reconstruction Era followed the abolishment of slavery and gave hope to reconnect families and become political, social, and economic equals with the white men who once enslaved them. Sadly, this was all false hope. The freedmen and freedwomen in the South became sucked back into a slavery by a different name type of servitude for the same plantation owners that once owned them with no hope of becoming an equal. During the time of Reconstruction there were three phases of reform, presidential, congressional, and radical. Presidential Reconstruction was led by President Johnson after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson followed the same Reconstruction Plan that Lincoln had laid out: return all confiscated property, political rights to all except for the highest ranking Confederate soldiers, pardon the South on all wrongdoing, and to readmit states with 10% of its voting public.[1] Congressional Reconstruction began with the authorization of the Freedmans Bureau. This bureau was established to help and aid the freedmen after the war. Congress also nullified the Black Codes which Southern states put into law after the war to restrict African American rights and force them to work for low wages and in debt.[2] Although the Black Codes were nullified, the South created the Jim Crow laws which reenacted many of the same laws as the Black Codes and didnt officially disappear until the Civ il Rights Act of 1964 was passed. The last phase of Reconstruction was the Radical Reconstruction. During this time, radicals were elected into power. Due to this, Union troops were sent into the South to help protect the freedmen and to help keep the peace. All freedmen could legally register to vote as the 14th Amendment was passed granting African American males suffrage as it would provide them a voice and supply the freedmen with the best opportunity to fight against the oppressive class-legislation, as well as against individual persecution.[3] During this Radical Reconstruction, 400 freedmen were elected into higher office and 16 freedmen were elected into Congress. Former slave owners became infuriated by African Americans in political offices and as a result founded the Ku Klux Klan and eradicated the Southern GOP coalition. They accomplished this by accusing the carpetbaggers and poor white southerners, of having relations with freedwomen as interracial relations were illegal at this time and heavily looked down on in society. The former slave owners also convinced the poor white southerners that the freedmen were taking resources from them. Also talked them into putting racial needs before economical needs when voting. The Ku Klux Klan increased violence to discourage freedmen from voting. Another way to prevent freedmen from voting was by imposing poll taxes and by enforcing that the voter needs to know the State Constitution before they can register to vote.[4] The Southern economy was thrown into confusion by the end of the way and the former slave owners now needed to re-establish a work force and the freedmen needed jobs as the government failed to provide them with an economical plan. This complication led to sharecropping, in which freedmen would rent a place to live from the plantation owner and would work for them and in return the freedmen get to keep a portion of the crops they grow.[5] This forced the freedmen and women into a never ending cycle of debt as they do not have the money to pay for rent, their own tools, or for their own food; this prevented them from obtaining any economic equality or freedom. The Southerners have endorsed a racial and gender hierarchy in the South. At the top are the wealthy white men and the wealthy white women, then the poor white men and poor white women, and at the bottom are the black men and black women. This hierarchy helps to prevent a Radical Reconstruction from happening again as the freedm en and freedwomen have learned their place in southern society and possess no political or economic power. With the 1876 Presidential Election closing in, the Republican Presidential candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, promised the Democratic House of Representatives to remove the troops in the South. Hayes promised to do this in order to win the election with the help of the South. He truly didnt care about the South and the freedmen, Hayes cared more about the industrial revolution in the North. This became the official end of the Reconstruction Era in the United States. Question 2: From the late 1870s until the early 1930s there had been a massive struggle between the farmers/laborers and the big businesses of the U.S. Most businesses demanded long hours and paid their workers pennies. The workers also had to endure small cramped workspaces overfilled with people and machines. Most businesses were dirty with smoke filled air and unsanitary conditions. Many families made so little that everyone, including children, had to work. For example, at the Hickory Colliery in Pennsylvania, it was very common for boys who worked in the mines for $1-$3 a week, to end up being indebted to the company by the end of the month as he had to pay more to get to work than he got paid for the work he actually did.[6] Farmers, the original backbone to the economy, were now at the mercy of big corporations as well. They felt as though corporations were chipping away at their profit as they had no control of larger necessities they needed to make a living out of farming. Businesses like equipment dealers now controlled item costs such as harvesters and plows while other businesses like the railroads and grain elevators could charge them more to move and store their crops. This caused farmers who were already in debt from the war to lose even more money. The first major attempt to organize workers on a national scale was the Knights of Labor in 1869. Originally a secret organization created by garment factory workers, the Knights of Labor became open to all workers, which included women, African Americans, and farmers. The Knights grew slowly until after the massive railroad strike in 1885 against Jay Gould, when workers walked out on the job due to pay cuts.[7] Within a year, 500,000 more people joined. The Knights of labor took a political stand as they sought an eight-hour work day, the elimination of child labor, better sanitary conditions, higher wages to match their hard work, and other reforms. The Knights of Labor fell apart after a violent incident in the Haymarket Square in Chicago. Local anarchists got together for a protest meeting to discuss the strike at the McCormick Harvester Company, but soon police showed up to disband the meeting causing someone to throw a bomb that killed multiple policemen.[8] Despite the fall of the Knights of Labor, the labor movement continued and was taken over by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL, under Samuel Gompers, only supported skilled workers. Gompers key goals were similar to the Knights of Labors as they wanted increased wages, reducing working hours and improved working conditions. Gompers helped the labor movement to turn away from the socialist ideals that earlier labor groups had embraced, and turned it into an apolitical movement. George Pullman, founder and president of the Pullman Palace Car Company, required his workers live in Pullman City and pay him rent to live there. Due to the depression at the time, Pullman cut workers pay while still expecting the workers to pay the same price as before in rent. Three thousands of Pullmans workers went on a wildcat strike. A majority of the workers on strike belonged to the American Railroad Union (ARU), which was founded by Eugene Debs. Debs, a railroad fireman, created the union as he witnessed the poor working conditions of fellow railroad workers. The men all worked for low wages and some became injured or killed because of unsafe equipment. As a result of the cut wages, ARU members refused to let any train with a Pullman car to move. Hordes of ARU supporters wanted to aid in the strike and began stopping trains. Quickly, there was no trains moving west of Chicago. Railroad companies tried spreading lies about Deb and the ARU. This only angered strikers. and Man y of those supporting the strike stopped trains, smashed switches, and started to set fire to whatever would burn. Another crowd of rioters stopped soldiers accompanying a train. This caused a lot of casualties and well as people injured from bullets. Soon President Cleveland sent in Federal troops to put an end to the strike. This is a major part of history as it was the first time the federal army was sent in to break up a strike. The most belligerent union of the labor movement was the International Workers of the World (IWW). They represented a more radical approach to the unions and they supported the Marxist class struggle.[9] It formed from a mixture of smaller unions fighting for better working conditions out west in the mining industry. The IWW, or Wobblies, gained notability from the Colorado Mine Clashes of 1903. The major issue in Colorado was the fight over the eight-hour workday. The Legislature had passed a statute limiting the workday to eight hours in hazardous industries, such as mining and smelting. But, the Colorado Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. Voters of Colorado passed a vote to approve the eight-hour workday, but the smelter owners fought any efforts to pass it. This led to the smelters going on strike. At first it appeared that they were going to win their demands without a fight, but then one of the smelter operators refused the deal given to them by the Governor of Colorad o.ÂÂ   The Governor that called in the National Guard who began arresting union leaders and strikers. The violence escalated after a mine exploded on November 21, 1903, which killed a superintendent and a foreman. The commanding officer of the National Guard announced a vagrancy order, it required the strikers to go back to work or be deported from the district. The IWW continued on to help fight for more rights in places like textile mills of Massachusetts, railcar builders in Pennsylvania, and rubber workers in Ohio.[10] Sadly, the greatest motivation for action against the IWW was their success in organizing industries, who were crucial to the war effort, in their call for work stoppages in the midst of the war, and their refusal to stop strikes during the war time. Many of the IWW leaders were arrested under the Espionage Act. Originally the government did not intervene in these ongoing struggles between the working class and the big corporations as the government was in support of a Laissez Faire style economy. The workers were allowed to strike peacefully as it is a first amendment freedom. Most businesses and factories ignored the workers on strike and instead hired new immigrants off the boats to work in their factories as unskilled laborers. Many companies also would deny workers the ability to become members of unions as a way of forcing their ideas that companies control who they fire, who they hire, and what they chose to pay.[11] A tremendous amount of reform was accomplished at the local and state level. In the tristate area, Progressives attempted to find a mind ground between the big businesses and the working class and creates the NY/NJ Port Authority. This was created as a private public service to help regulate the tolls and fees when crossing between New York and New Jersey. Although the government did enact the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1980, it did not accomplish much as many companies avoided the law by converting their monopolies into holding companies. Congress also passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and created the Food and Drug Administration in 1906 to improve food and medicine safety for the public. This came after Upton Sinclairs book, The Jungle, which highlighted that due to lack of government policies, the meat packing industry was packaging and selling rotten meat to the consumer as well as how dirty the facilities was as the owners only cared to make money.[12]ÂÂ   While president, Wilson in 1912, created the national banking system. He also prohibited unfair business practices and outlawed full time employment of children under the age of 16. In the midst of entering World War I, the War Industry Board redirected industry in America to help produce and provide necessities for the war. In doing this, the board granted higher wages, eigh t hour workdays, and minimum wage to the workers.[13] During the 1920s, President Coolidge raised international tariffs and gave big businesses tax cuts. He hoped that by giving businesses tax breaks that they would use to money to create more jobs in order to help encourage people of the working class to buy more. Sadly, most businesses created a few jobs and pocketed the rest of the money they saved from the tax cuts. At this time, U.S. businesses had learned how to use better technology in order to increase productivity. Unfortunately, they needed more of a demand for the amount of products they were producing. Government and businesses at this time introduce credit as a way to help stimulate the economy while engulfing people in consumerism. Companies, like Listerine, created ads targeted at everyday insecurities to convince more of the public that they needed their product.[14] Question 3: On November 2, 1920 women were first able to legally vote in a presidential election. Women and activists have fought for womans suffrage for over a century and finally, in August of 1920, the women of the United States won suffrage and were finally granted equality in the public sphere. Women have fought to leave the private sphere of the home and enter into the politics of the public sphere through the practice of maternalism, also known as public mothering.ÂÂ   Women, such as Jane Addams and other upper class women, used the males idea that women belong in the home as a way to gain access into the public sphere. Maternalism was womens way of participating in politics by using their natural maternal talent as mothers such as cleaning, looking after others, and providing care. [15] Men, like Theodore Roosevelt, believed that women belong in the home as a housewife and focus on raising the children.[16] Women agreed with this male ideal that they belonged in the private sphere, but as a mother they would be good at government housekeeping as politics were a mess at the time. Cities in the early 20th Century ran on corruption and that created dirty politics. Chicago itself was literally dirty, skies filled with smoke and dirt while the streets piled up with garbage and human waste. Jane Addams herself reached out to city hall to develop a public sewer system and reform the system of garbage collecting to help clean up the city.[17] Addams also contributed to her social work in Chicago by creating the Hull-House, a settlement house to help the immigrants in the city to teach them English, educate them in how to safely care for their children in cities. Settlement houses started popping up around the country as a safe way to help immigrants inside of the major citi es, and defend this major non-profit as public mothering of the immigrants. Women also used maternalism to create the Childrens Bureau (1912), the first federal agency in the United States.[18] Their reasoning behind needing this federal agency was to administer birth certificates to help track of mother and infant mortality rates among the working class. Compared birth certificates and death certificates to produce and show statistics showing the high mortality rate among mothers and infants among the poor. Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, used these statistics to rationalize why they needed to make birth control legal and accessible. Many mothers died from having too many births as they become more dangerous the more women have. Advertised that they needed birth control in order to stay alive and to be a better mother to the children they already had. Maternalism was exceedingly successful as it got a lot of women out into the public sphere and into politics alongside of the men. Sadly, these reforms mostly only reached out to the local and state levels. The biggest downside of maternalism was that women had to agree with men and admit that they belonged in the private sphere of the home. In other terms, these women said they know that women are not equal to men. In many ways, maternalism can be seen a big success for what they accomplished but also as a failure as they reinforced the idea that women are not equal. Bibliography Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes. 1910. Advertisement for Listerine. 1923. Baruch, Bernard M. American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921. Henretta, James A., and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self. Americas History 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. Laws of Mississippi. 1865. On Child Labor. Labor Standard, 1877. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Strenuous Life. New York: Review of Reviews Company, 1919. Thorpe, Francis N., ed. The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909. U.S. Congress, Senate. 39th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: 1865. U.S. Strike Commission. Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895. [1] James A. Henretta, and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self, Americas History 7th ed. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011), 464. [2] Laws of Mississippi, 1865, 82. [3] U.S. Congress, Senate, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865, ex. doc. No. 2, 1-5, 8, 36-39, 41-44. [4] Francis N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909), 4:2120-2121. [5] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 476. [6] On Child Labor (Labor Standard, 1877). [7] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 551. [8] Ibid., 552. [9] Ibid., 644. [10] Ibid., 644. [11] U.S. Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895), 621-622. [12] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 610. [13] Bernard M. Baruch, American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921), 65-67, 69, 100. [14] Advertisement for Listerine (1923). [15] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 572. [16] Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life (New York: Review of Reviews Company, 1919), 3-22. [17] Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes (1910), 200-204. [18]ÂÂ   Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 640.

Why Should HR & Line Managers Work Together? Essay

The primary reason human resources and line managers should work together is because both parties have a vested interest in ensuring the company achieves success. Through working together, line management becomes more proficient in tactical human resources functions. This frees up time for human resources professionals to devote more time to strategic HR management. Department Staffing The human resource department’s main function is to support the workforce needs of the organization. HR and line managers should communicate regularly and frequently to determine the skills and qualifications required for seamless operation of department functions. Whenever there’s a vacancy in a line manager’s department, an HR recruiter or employment specialist and the line manager review the job description for accuracy and completeness. During the recruitment and selection process, HR advises line managers on how to identify qualified candidates and existing department staff capabilities. Workforce Strategy Strategic planning between HR and line managers involves reviewing projections concerning future business demands to determine whether to train current employees to prepare them for promotion or to recruit candidates with higher level skills to augment the current employee knowledge base. By working together on immediate and future staffing needs, HR and line management benefit from reduced cost per hire and turnover. In addition, the organization benefits from appropriate succession planning and adequate staffing. Related Reading: Performance Management Training and development is an HR function that prepares line managers for a number of leadership tasks. One such task is conducting employee performance appraisals. Human resources trainers develop learning objectives based on line managers’ understanding of the organization’s coaching philosophy. Leadership training topics include how to provide employees with constructive feedback and how to conduct fair and unbiased assessments of  employee performance. HR and line managers should therefore work together to ensure the organization maintains a consistent approach to performance management. Inconsistencies within an organization’s performance management system negatively impact employee job satisfaction, which is another reason HR and line managers should work collaboratively. Conflict Resolution Workplace conflict is inevitable whenever department employees represent different cultures, work styles and personalities. When conflicts arise, line managers typically seek the advice of HR in resolving issues between employees or issues between employees and their managers. If there is already dissention between HR and line management, it can be difficult for human resources to determine what underlies the conflict and how to resolve it. A positive working relationship between HR and line management facilitates easier handling of workplace investigations and mediating differences between staff. When HR and line management work together, it’s easier for HR to investigate workplace issues because the human resource staff may have greater confidence that line managers document their employment actions and decisions appropriately and according to company policy.

Civility versus Incivility in Nursing How the Two Affect Professionalism in Nursing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 977 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/27 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Professionalism Essay Did you like this example? Not very many people consider the consequences of their actions. Unfortunately, this includes nurses as well. At times, hostile work environments are created by the nursing staff. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civility versus Incivility in Nursing: How the Two Affect Professionalism in Nursing" essay for you Create order Not all of the nursing staff creates these environments and there are even fewer who realize that they might be causing it. However, whether or not it is intentional it is still a factor of the patients safety. It can also create workplace violence, including, but not limited to, patient-nurse violence. Incivility will also lead to burn-out and high turnover rates due to dissatisfaction within the place of work. Regrettably, this also includes nursing students in their clinical settings. According to the ANA, there are no laws or current federal legislation that requires hospitals or offices to protect against any kind of bullying or uncivil actions. Unfortunately, it seems as though civility is very rarely seen or practiced in the nursing field. Professionals in the health care environment need to be more civil with each other and to the patients in the future. This will help to construct an enriched working environment. This would also help reduce the amount of interdepartmental ch anges that are being made by the newer generation of nurses. It would also help keep the newer generations from wanting to leave the profession. If these problems are brought to light and the problems are corrected, then more students would be willing to join the nursing program. Incivility There are a number of people who do not fully comprehend the word incivility. They do not recognize that it includes gossiping, being rude to other nurses or patients, using vulgar language, and belittling other people. It does not matter if these actions are intentional or all in good fun. These behaviors foster volatile and dangerous working surroundings. Rudeness A nurses atmosphere is supposed to be therapeutic. It is increasingly difficult to maintain that when there is a constant occurrence of impoliteness and disrespect surrounding them (Critical Care Nurse, 2016). If a nurse has to deal with another nurse or patient being bad-mannered or offensive it can affect any number of activities the nurse must complete before the end of their shift. The nurse might be playing that scenario over in their head when they are pulling medications or performing a task with a patient. The study also shows that rudeness steals a fragment from our working memory and will affect the nurses ability to think critically when providing care to their patients. More than eighty percent of the respondents for a study conveyed that condescending language was being used and workers were being impatient with questions (Spiri, Brantley and McGuire, 2017). This could be a problem, because a nurse might keep their questions to themselves or waste time by asking a differ ent individual their question. The study also showed that seventy-eight percent of respondents experienced a colleagues reluctance to answer questions or return phone calls. Sixty percent of the respondents reported instances where their questions were not answered at all, and they were just informed to do as they were told. All of these actions greatly increase the chance of interfering with a patients safety (Spiri, Brantley and McGuire, 2017). Bullying and Gossiping Most individuals do not consider the consequences of bullying inside the place of work as well as outside of that environment. As Spiri, Brantley, and McGuire point out in their study for incivility, is that in the hospital or office, the nurse that is being intimidated or tormented by other coworkers is that it could result in a breakdown of communication between the staff (Spiri, Brantley, and McGuire, 2017). The nurse that is being bullied will most likely avoid the people who are harassing her and that could lead to potential problems on the floor. Their study showed that fifty-five percent of the eight hundred hospital staff interviewed avoided the person that they had an altercation with and requested another colleague to help them, forty-seven percent did not look for help and took care of the problem on their own, thirty-one percent reported that they took the word of that person. Four people stated that they ended up having medication errors when intimidation was a part of t he conversation. Outside of the work environment, a nurse could become depressed due to what they are going through at work and could bring it home and mull over the situation all night. Some bullying could even lead to suicide, due to a person no longer being able to deal with the harassment every day. In numerous situations a nursing student might be exposed to or experience bullying by the nursing staff during clinicals. This could also make the nursing student afraid to report the issue. This can have serious consequences on the students performance due to the fact that most students and professors are not taught how to deal with or prevent incivility. Civility Having a nursing team on the floor that works well together will not only help to prevent harm to the patients, but can also promote a healthy mental environment for the staff, nursing students and the professors. A work environment is supposed to be a healing and therapeutic place. Being civil can essentially increase work productivity because the nurses and staff enjoy being at their job where they can focus on providing quality care to their patients (American Nurse Today, 2012). It is important that all health care establishments get on board with providing education and resources. This will help promote a strong, nourishing and beneficial working environment. Not taking action against people or activities can damage relationships within the working place. It is vital that all nurses and healthcare workers think about how they can provide top notch care and promote safety for their patients. Being uncivil towards other nurses or patients will not have a good outcome and therefore is unnecessary and frowned upon in the workplace.

The Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism - 1725 Words

Numerous moral theories have surfaced in the past years. They have been widely debated by philosophers and social reformers. It is important to understand what these theories are because of their influential tendencies in the way people act, especially in making morally right or wrong decisions. Utilitarianism is one of these many moral theories. Upon further analysis, problems with utilitarian thoughts are revealed. It has been widely debated by many philosophers, including G.E. Moore and Immanuel Kant. Like these two philosophers, I argue that utilitarianism is inadequate because of its contradictory nature as a moral theory. It highlights the principle of utility in seeking the greatest pleasure, allowing egotistic and hedonistic actions to be considered moral. John Stuart Mill, born in 1806 in London, is one of the most infamous utilitarians in history. He was a philosopher, economist, and social reformer who grew up under the influence of utilitarianism. He spent the last few years of his life arguing for a systematic method to comprehending social, political, and economic changes without overlooking the insights of writers. Mills wrote Utilitarianism in 1861, defending his position to strive for the greatest pleasure for the relevant group. Before I discuss the theory of utilitarianism, it is imperative to explain and understand what it is. Utilitarianism is a moral theory, or a doctrine explaining why certain actions are right or wrong. It is the idea that moralShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism : The Moral Theory977 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism is the moral theory that emphasizes â€Å"the greatest happiness for the greatest number† (Clark, Poortenga, 2003). John Stuart Mill was a philosopher who believed in the principles of utilitarianism. He believed that humans desire for happiness and pleasure; therefore humans would be motivated to act morally in order to obtain that happiness (Clark, Poortenga, 2003). 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In its general form, the utilitarian moral theory advocates that an action is morally right if it serves the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. 2. What is hedonism, and what is hedonistic utilitarianism? And, what was Epicurus s view about pleasure? Hedonsim is the principle that suggests that pleasure is the motivator of one’s life and hedonistic utilitarianism is when ethics is determinedRead MoreUtilitarianism : The And Influential Moral Theories890 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism is one of the most renowned and influential moral theories. The basis of act utilitarianism is maximizing utility, that is, doing the things that maximize happiness over suffering. Utilitarians reject moral codes that are based on customs or traditions given by leaders or supernatural deities because they judge the truth or justifiability of morality as its positive contribution to all beings. 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Max act utilitarianism is one of the most well known and influential theories that provides the best notion for the theory of right conduct. After a brief explanation of act utilitarianism, the argument of this paper will then seek to favor why act utilitarianism providesRead MoreMoral Theories Of Utilitarianism And Deontological Ethics1266 Words   |  6 PagesMeredith Gunning Final Examination December, 6, 2014 Section A Moral theories of Utilitarianism and Deontology Utilitarianism and deontological ethics are two major theories of ethics, specifying and justifying moral principles. Utilitarianism has been clarified by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Bentham proposed that actions are based upon the consequences (Moreland, 2009), and ongoing work on his theory will help in providing grounds for legal actions. His ideas regarding