Quoting Out of Context Fallacy (Changing Meaning)

The fallacy of quoting something out of context is often included in the Fallacy of Accent, and it is true that there are strong parallels. However, Aristotles original Fallacy of Accent referred solely to shifting the accent on syllables within words, and it is already stretched in modern discussions of fallacies to include shifting the accent between words within a sentence. To expand it further to include shifting emphasis on entire passages is, perhaps, going a bit far. For that reason, the concept of quoting out of context gets its own section. What does it mean to quote someone out of context? After all, every quotation necessarily excludes large sections of the original material and is thus an out of context quotation. What makes this a fallacy is to take a selective quotation which distorts, alters, or even reverses the originally intended meaning. This can be done accidentally or deliberately. Examples and Discussion Quoting out of Context A good example is already hinted at in the discussion of the Fallacy of Accent: irony. A statement meant ironically can be taken wrong when in written form because much irony is communicated through the emphasis when spoken. Sometimes, however, that irony is communicated more clearly through the addition of more material. For example: 1. This has been the best play Ive seen all year! Of course, it is the only play Ive seen all year.2. This was a fantastic movie, as long as you arent looking for plot or character development. In both of these reviews, you start out with an ironic observation which is followed by an explanation which communicates that the foregoing was meant to be taken ironically rather than literally. This can be a dangerous tactic for reviewers to employ because unscrupulous promoters can do this: 3. John Smith calls this the best play Ive seen all year!4. ...a fantastic movie... - Sandy Jones, Daily Herald. In both cases, a passage of the original material has been taken out of context and thereby given a meaning that is exactly the opposite of what was intended. Because these passages are being used in the implicit argument that others should come see the play or movie, they qualify as fallacies, in addition to just being unethical. What you see above is also part of another fallacy, the Appeal to Authority, which attempts to convince you of the truth of the proposition by appealing to the opinion of some authority figure — usually, though, it appeals to their actual opinion rather than a distorted version of it. It is not uncommon for the Quoting Out Of Context fallacy to be combined with an Appeal to Authority, and it is frequently found in creationist arguments. For example, here is a passage from Charles Darwin, often quoted by creationists: 5. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory. The Origin of Species (1859), Chapter 10 Obviously, the implication here is that Darwin doubted his own theory and had encountered a problem he could not solve. But lets look at the quote in the context of the two sentences following it: 6. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely-graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory.The explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme imperfection of the geological record. In the first place, it should always be borne in mind what sort of intermediate forms must, on the theory, have formerly existed... It is now obvious that instead of raising doubts, Darwin was simply using a rhetorical device to introduce his own explanations. The exact same tactic has been used with quotations from Darwin about the development of the eye. Of course, such methods are not limited to just creationists. Here is a quote from Thomas Henry Huxley used on alt.atheism by Rooster, a.k.a Skeptic: 7. This is ... all that is essential to Agnosticism. That which Agnostics deny and repudiate, as immoral, is the contrary doctrine, that there are propositions which men ought to believe, without logically satisfactory evidence; and that reprobation ought to attach to the profession of disbelief in such inadequately supported propositions.The justification of the Agnostic principle lies in the success which follows upon its application, whether in the field of natural, or in that of civil, history; and in the fact that, so far as these topics are concerned, no sane man thinks of denying its validity. The point of this quote is to try and argue that, according to Huxley, all that is essential to agnosticism is to deny that there are propositions which we should believe even though we do not have logically satisfactory evidence. However, this quote misrepresents the original passage: 8. I further say that Agnosticism is not properly described as a negative creed, nor indeed as a creed of any kind, except in so far as it expresses absolute faith in the validity of a principle, which is as much ethical as intellectual. This principle may be stated in various ways, but they all amount to this: that it is wrong for a man to say that he is certain of the objective truth of any proposition unless he can produce evidence which logically justifies that certainty.This is what Agnosticism asserts; and, in my opinion, it is all that is essential to Agnosticism. That which Agnostics deny and repudiate, as immoral, is the contrary doctrine, that there are propositions which men ought to believe, without logically satisfactory evidence; and that reprobation ought to attach to the profession of disbelief in such inadequately supported propositions.The justification of the Agnostic principle lies in the success which follows upon its application, whether in the field of natural, or in that of civil, history; and in the fact that, so far as these topics are concerned, no sane man thinks of denying its validity. [emphasis added] If you notice, the phrase it is all that is essential to Agnosticism actually refers to the preceding passage. Thus, what is essential to Huxleys agnosticism is that people should not claim to be certain of ideas when they do not have the evidence which logically justifies such certainty. The consequence of adopting this essential principle, then, leads agnostics to repudiate the idea that we ought to believe things when we lack satisfactory evidence. Combining the Out of Context Fallacy with Other Fallacies Another common way to use the fallacy of quoting out of context is to combine with a Straw Man argument. In this, someone is quoted out of context so that their position appears weaker or more extreme than it is. When this false position is refuted, the author pretends that they have refuted the real position of the original person. Of course, most of the examples above are do not by themselves qualify as arguments. But it would not be unusual to see them as premises in arguments, either explicit or implicit. When this happens, then a fallacy has been committed. Until then, all we have is simply an error.

20 Examples of Elements and Their Symbols

Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter. Elements are referred to by their names and  their symbols, which  make it easier to write chemical structures and equations. Examples The first 20 elements of the periodic table are listed below. These elements include some of the most abundant in the universe (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon) as well as some of the most unusual (phosphorus, boron). H - HydrogenHe - HeliumLi - LithiumBe - BerylliumB - BoronC - CarbonN - NitrogenO - OxygenF - FluorineNe - NeonNa - SodiumMg - MagnesiumAl - AluminumSi - SiliconP - PhosphorusS - SulfurCl - ChlorineAr - ArgonK - PotassiumCa - Calcium Notice that the symbols are one- and two-letter abbreviations for their names, with a few exceptions where symbols are based on old names. For example, potassium is K for kalium, not P, which is already the element symbol for phosphorus.

James Joyce s Araby - Interaction Of Story And Setting

The Interaction of Story and Setting in James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby†. The narrator of Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† is a young man who fell in love with Mangan’s sister. He always kept his distance and never really confronts her and expresses his love for her. The two didn’t want to approach each other because of shyness, nervousness, and afraid. The narrator did promise her that he will go to Dublin bazaar called â€Å"Araby† and buy something for her. This leads up to the porch where they met for the first and last time. The moment at the porch define their feelings for each other and to get over the nervousness. The narrator finally got that butterfly emotions and he spoke with her about going to the bazaar. Although the porch was the turning point for the narrator and Mangan’s sister. There is a number of elements of setting that describe the mood and the tension that builds up to that very moment. When the narrator was in the back dra wing-room in which the priest died. It was a dark rainy evening in which a â€Å"distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below him,†- he was very nervous at that moment in which he murmured â€Å"O love! O love!† many times (244). This express his love for her and that he really want to approach her. The light represented his feeling at that particular moment, and that was his time to shine. It was a symbol of hope and he should really make a move before it’s too late. When Mangan’s sister and the narrator first speak to each other about the Araby bazaar, the narratorShow MoreRelated James Joyces Araby - Character, Structure and Style in Araby2402 Words   |  10 Pagesin Araby  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Hazel Edwards, â€Å"A good story writer needs to be a craftsman, for the construction is tighter than that required for most novels. Usually a short story concentrates on a few characters- rarely more than three major ones. The story revolves around a single, dramatic incident which typifies the characters’ reactions. Length varies from 1,000 to about 5,000 words.† With these characteristics in mind, then we are going to examine James Joyce’s short story Araby   inRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesmay prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction

What motivates people in understanding of Abraham Maslow Free Essays

Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people. He believed that individuals possess a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires. These systems motivate people to achieve certain needs. We will write a custom essay sample on What motivates people in understanding of Abraham Maslow or any similar topic only for you Order Now When one of these needs is fulfilled the person seeks to fulfill the next. Maslow focused on what person can potentially achieve rather than what can go wrong. There are 5 motivational needs that are usually displayed in a pyramid. You need to satisfy the lower level in order to progress to the higher levels. Progress can be disrupted by failure to meet lower level needs due to life experiences for example loss of job or divorce. The 5 needs are:1. Physiological – air, food, drink, shelter, warmth sex, sleep 2. Safety – protection from elements, security order, law, limits, stability 3. Social /belonging – work groups, family, affection, relationships 4. Esteem – self esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility 5. Self actualization – realizing personal potential, self fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Only 2% of people meet all of the levels (self actualization) – this is considered to be where they have fulfilled all that they are capable of and that they have found a meaning to their life that is important to them. Maslow studied people who he thought were in the 2% to gain better insight into these characteristics (Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt). The common characteristics include:- Can tolerate uncertainty Accept themselves and others for what they are Spontaneous in thought and action Unusual sense of humour Highly creative Concerned for the welfare of humanity Strong moral / ethical standards How to cite What motivates people in understanding of Abraham Maslow, Essays

Minds Are Open Only When Hearts Are Open Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Minds Are Open Only When Hearts Are Open Persuasive Essay Why do we need our heart open? The heart is actually the central ruler of your being. Even in Traditional Chinese Medicine it is known as the Emperor of the Body not the mind as predominantly thought in the western world. The heart when opened fully is where your inner guidance comes from (and divine guidance if you are open to receiving this). This doorway or bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds can provide profound assistance and healing within your being should houses to live more fully in an openhearted state. Below re meditation guidelines from my Opening Your Heart Series. These are tools and techniques to open and expand hearty more deeply in life so that you may move through life from the true centre of your being. Hope you find this of assistance and please feel free to share amongst your friends Basic Technique Finding somewhere to meditate is important and having your own sacred space is key to being able to stabilize and centre your being vivid ease. Having this spot permanently set up for meditation would also be advantageous -? and note that this is your spot only. Trying to meditate in someone elses energy after they have meditated may give you extra energy ODell With, rather than just slipping into your deep meditation with ease. So sitting comfortably (it is not recommended you lie down as you may fall asleep) and simply closing your eyes to go inward is the first step. Just rest there for a few moments, allowing the energy of the day to fall away with some gentle breaths, and consciously allowing your physical body to relax. Elf you feel guided you may call for support in your meditation from the Universe, such as invoking Angels and Archangels, Buddha, SST. Germane, God/des etc, or just simply the Universe itself to support you settling into your Receptivity Mode. Meditation helps you to calm and centre your being so that the Universe may give back to you what you have given out that day, We need to both have giving and receptive moments in our lives, not always giving (doing). Even a battery needs to both give and receive (positive and negative energies/ polarities) to function at full strength. Humans are no different. If one constantly gives (does) it is only a matter of time before they burnout or collapse*after your invocation, allow your awareness (consciousness) to gently slide down from your mind and into your heart space (the centre of your chest) where your point of light resides. Take your time with this as you may sense a little resistance from your mind/consciousness. If this occurs, simply honor and give thanks for it. It is important that this process is done with love and patience. You may visualize your awareness sliding down into your heart or simply feel it whatever works for you. Remember take your time. Once in contact with the flame (light) inside your chest, gently intend for this light to expand. There is no forcing With the mind for this to occur, you simply invite this inner flame within your chest to expand naturally in all directions around you (out the front and back of your heart, to your left and right, and above and below your heart -? basically 360 degrees around your heart), and allow it to expand out six feet in all directions slowly. Intent is all that is needed here. Your heart flame will expand naturally when you invite it to The mind does not need to force or push it to open. Gentle loving intent is more powerful here it Will respond_As your heart begins to expand one may incorporate any of the following techniques belonging Your Heart Series seepage I Of 4 C Carmella Raphael www_Carmella. Com Tell: 0424 044 130(depending on how they are guided that day) to deepen their heart opening experience. Breath ; With your heart flame gently expanding, simply allow your breath to lovingly support it to expand a little more on each gentle out-breath. Feel or visualize this occurring if this makes it easier for you. The more one breathes in a relaxed manner, the fuller and more expanded the heart. Unified Field The Unified Field is the energetic grid that connects everything in the universe, and it also has intelligence behind it. (For more information on this field, also known as the Quantum Field or Divine Matrix, see,read the following: What The Bleep Do We Know DVD, ; The Divine Matrix book by author Gregg Braded). Notice its name Unified Field it Unifies everything, To use the Unified Field in your meditation, simply call to the field to support the opening of your heart, and this field that permeates through your being will activate and transmit frequency into your heart charka (heart flame) immediately. Just allow yourself to receive with grace -?surrender, no forcing. With practice you will be able to feel its instant response to your requests and get very good with allowing yourself to receive the amazing frequency. Meditate with your awareness receiving from this field for as long as you feel guided; sipping on this field of love into your heart centre With your breath will deepen the experience also. Gratitude and Thanks ; Offering Gratitude and Thanks out to the universe for all that you are grateful for in life is another powerful way to expand your heart more deeply. The Benefits Of Music Education For Students In Schools And Colleges† EssayKnow that the more heart flagellants you transmit out to the universe, the more love and support that will come back to you the more you give, the more that returns. TIPS:Drop All Expectations meditation experiences will probably be deeper than others. It is important to drop all expectations and judgments about how your meditation experience is going to be that day (or even how it is going in that moment). Whatever occurs is perfect. It is important that one enters their meditation With no expectations of any outcomes, this way you can truly let go and honor that all is divine. What to do When One Experiences Difficulty with their Mindset, your mind may wander a little to start with and you may lovingly catch yourself thinking about the most unusual things during your meditations. This is perfectly normal and k, The honoring of your mind is important in any type of meditation. Getting angry at it, or Opening Your Heart Series package 3 of O Carmella Raphael move. Carmella. Com Tell: 0424 044 analyzing everything that occurs within your mind defeats the purpose of your meditation. It is important to thank your mind for its service to you (it plans things for you, operates your physical body systems for you etc). If your mind has wandered you simply guide your awareness back to the heart without judgment, The only way to still your mind over time is to lovingly persist with gentle meditation any type of meditation that works for you. Just know that more than likely (for most) the quieting of your mind wont occur within a week it normally takes some mime, but with gentle practice over time it Veil calm down. The only person that can calm your mind down is you. Have encountered many that wish for the fast food approach to slowing their mind and conscious thoughts down instantly and forever (once upon a time that was me! ). What governs your mind, your thought processes and consciousness is you. If you want a quiet mind, lovingly dedicate the time to assist it to get that way it just takes practice. An additional tip for when your heart is open is to transmit love from your open heart to your mind (who doesnt like to receive love . The love frequency will help slow down your mind also. What to do with your Visions or Pain Releasing from your Bodysuits often in meditation one may see, sense or feel things. Acknowledgement and giving thanks is key here, and then letting it go not analyzing it. If you start to analyses what you are seeing or feeling (especially if its a little bit of pain releasing from your physical body) then this will take you straight back into your beautiful mind, We are in meditation to connect more deeply to our hearts, so just honor the experience and come back to centre your heart. How Often Does One Meditate? You will need to dedicate some time (preferably each day) to experience your receptivity time). The length to time is up to you. Initially you may not be able to do it for an extended period of time, so try S, 10 or IS minutes etc, and build up to an hour if you can. Plan it in your day/diary observe your appointments and how much time within your day or week is you time _ Remember, we need to be relaxed and open (in a state of receptivity) to balance the flow of our giving and receiving throughout each day (sleeping does not really mount, although it is important for regeneration). Some days you may need more receiving time than others to recharge yourself. Acknowledge and honor how you are feeling each day, and pull back a little when you get into just doing all the times Happy Meditations! May you live a balanced life of playing (doing) and receiving (surrendering) to reach your full potential! Much love, Keeper of Angelic Geometries Master Healing Channel You will agree that life dishes out different kinds of challenges to different people. Everyone has to face difficulties, problems, setbacks at some point or the there. My life appeared to be one long-drawn out struggle. Like most people, every time faced yet another problem that sapped my patience and forbearance, I asked myself in despair: Why me? Why cant life ever be smooth and hassle-free? These questions seemed to have no answers. Being a religious person in the traditional sense of the word, concluded that God was unhappy with me. So I made every effort to please Him. But I got no response. Was I dialing a wrong number? As time passed, began to lose faith in someone who could not answer my questions and lead me to a more meaningful life. Solved to find the answer myself. To set my mind at rest, became a seeker. Life is a test In the course of my journey as a seeker, discovered the Creation Plan of God. According to the plan, life is a test and its many problems are part Of that test. Once the test comes to an end marked by death, we are either rewarded or punished, in accordance With our deeds. This world is like an examination hall where a student, with all the freedom to write whatever he wants, takes tests. It is only the result which determines his future. The student is made to confront pleasant and unpleasant situations -? a meant only to test him.

Perfume Baldini Paragraph Essay Example

Perfume Baldini Paragraph Paper This passage is important because it reveals a lot about Baldini’s character. One phrase or sentence which starts revealing Baldini’s character is â€Å"here everything flowed away from you the empty and the heavily laden ships. The rowboats, and the flat bottomed punts of the fishermen, the dirty brown and the golden-curled water everything flowed away, slowly, broadly and inevitably†. There is quite a contrast within the phrase, â€Å"the empty and heavily laden ships† is the contrast between Baldini’s life and life itself. The empty ships represent Baldini’s empty life, how he has nothing left of himself. The heavily laden ships represent the life of Paris, or actually life itself. Life is being difficult and ‘heavy’ as in the sense of a burden. Baldini’s life is empty while the actual life of Paris is quite a burden. The phrase also twists the symbolic view of water, which is seen (symbolically) as pure or life. But here the water is â€Å"dirty brown and the golden-curled†. Dirty water is symbolic of impurity, or a dirtied life. Then the imagery of everything flowing away from Baldini shows his actual weak character. The river here can be seen as change, simply flowing away with Baldini’s fortune itself and himself. â€Å"He had made a mistake buying a house on the bridge, and a second when he selected one on the western side† the phrase here has symbolic uses for Baldini’s life and character. A bridge is symbolic of something that connects things. So when a river divides a city, a bridge will connect it again. Baldini’s house is on a bridge, right between East and West. The east side symbolises life or a new beggining, whereas the west symbolises death or the end. Baldini is right in the middle, he is an outcast for he has chosen neither east or west, but to be someone between life and death. We will write a custom essay sample on Perfume Baldini Paragraph specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Perfume Baldini Paragraph specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Perfume Baldini Paragraph specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The last important phrase to note about is â€Å"Because constantly before his eyes now was a river flowing from him: and it was as if he himself and his and the wealth he had accumulated over many decades were flowing away like the river, while he was too weak to oppose the powerful current.† The river here is magnet, pulling at Baldini like a nail, pulling away his fortune, his life and everything he stands for. This simple phrases shows how truly weak Baldini’s character is, for he is simply allowing the current to take him, without even trying to fight. The river is used here in the paragraph not as a giver of life or hope, but as a change in life and a dirty thing taking everything of Baldini’s. The contrast, imagery and symbolic elements in this paragraph is quite importantly used here for it shows the weak Baldini and the ever changing life around him. Baldini views his life as wasted, for he is losing his business, his pride and everything he once valued in life.

How to Write an Argumentative Essay Using Claims and Evidence Wit

How to Write an Argumentative Essay Using Claims and Evidence WitWhether you are a new graduate or a seasoned researcher, knowledge of how to write an argumentative essay using claims subclaims and evidence wit is critical. It's also a great way to teach yourself the techniques you will need to be successful in your career. For example, if you're a doctor who wants to get better sales and boost productivity, knowing how to write an argumentative essay using claims subclaims and evidence wit will allow you to sell your services in a way that appeals to both the listener and the patient.Claim. A claim is simply something that you claim to have discovered or found. It's a category of knowledge that you use to explain what you know, who you know it to, and why you know it. That's why it's used to make the reader feel good by giving them a feeling of familiarity with your topic.Subclaims. Subclaims are short passages that tell the listener how you learned about your topic. The paragraphs tell the listener why you know the topic. That's how you've explained it in the claim. It's a kind of 'what you know' statement that tells the listener what you claim to know.Evidence. In the event you need proof, examples, or the step-by-step methods for how to write an argumentative essay using claims subclaims and evidence wit, you can include claims and subclass in evidence sections. That's how you've given proof.Argumentative Essay Using Claims and Evidence Wit is easy because it all comes down to learning how to demonstrate knowledge and how to provide evidence. You can do this in two ways. Either you use lists or categories to provide evidence. In fact, you can build your entire argument around these two concepts in only a few minutes.You don't use categories or lists in order to teach yourself how to write an argumentative essay using claims subclaims and evidence wit. Your main goal is to present information to your listener, but in an effective way. By using categories and lists to do this, you're teaching yourself the technique that's easy to learn and use.Categories and lists show the listener and provide information, a way to know the topic. In fact, even subclasses are examples of categories and lists. That's how to demonstrate knowledge and offer evidence. As well, as you work through this process, you'll also be learning new tricks and techniques that you can use throughout your career.So don't use subclaims and evidence wits as an excuse to not try to learn the techniques to writing an argumentative essay using claims and subclaims. If you want to learn the techniques, you're going to have to take some time to practice and learn how to present information. To achieve your goal, you'll need to be willing to practice.